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Skipjack shad
The skipjack shad (''Alosa chrysochloris'') is a North American, migratory, fresh- and brackiswater fish species in the herring family Clupeidae.〔Faria, R.; Weiss, S. & Alexandrino, P. (2006): A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of ''Alosa'' spp. (Clupeidae). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 40(1): 298–304..〕 The name skipjack shad comes from the fact that it is commonly seen leaping out of the water while feeding.〔Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1-Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. http://books.google.com/books?id=yRHGc1kL9QEC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3〕 Other common names include blue herring, golden shad, river shad, Tennessee tarpon, and McKinley shad. The skipjack shad is restricted to the Gulf of Mexico drainage basins. Skipjack shad are found in clear to moderately turbid water in areas with flow. Because they are a migratory species, dams often impede their reproduction. Records suggest that this species was much more abundant in the Upper Mississippi River basin before it was impounded. Currently, the skipjack shad is most abundant in the Upper Mississippi River below the mouth of the Ohio River. They are known as an “early-run” species as they migrate to spawn in the early spring.〔Neebling, Travis E., and Quist, Michael C. (2008): on the Distribution and Status of Western Sand Darter, Spotted Gar, and Skipjack Herring in Iowa Rivers. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. 115(1-4):24-27 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=13832a69-a983-4fb8-9e6a-e53905ec4654%40sessionmgr4&vid=8&hid=12〕
==Distribution==
The skipjack shad is restricted to the Gulf of Mexico and its drainage, in the United States. The Gulf of Mexico drainage includes the ACF (Apalachicola/Chattahoochee/Flint River) basin, the Mississippi basin, and the Rio Grande basin.〔 Records indicate that this species was more abundant in the upper Mississippi River before it was impounded, and currently skipjack shad are most abundant in the upper Mississippi River below the mouth of the Ohio River.〔 In recent years, human modifications to the middle Missouri River have made conditions more favorable for skipjack shad and their distribution has expanded upstream to the Nebraska-South Dakota border.〔 Skipjack shad were historically found in the northern upper Mississippi River and the St. Croix River; however, there have only been four records of skipjack shad in Wisconsin waters since the 1950s.〔 Because this fish is a migratory species, dams have diminished its distribution. It cannot continue to migrate northward over dams; therefore it is rare to see a skipjack shad in the upper reaches of the Gulf of Mexico drainages.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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